THE REVIVAL OF THE ATHENIAN POLITICAL AND MILITARY MORALE IN THE TIME OF LYCURGUS

Authors

  • Eleni Krikona University of Hamburg/ University of Athens

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14795/j.v6i3.442

Keywords:

Eubulos, Lycurgus, Democracy, Chaeronea, theoric fund, Pnyx, building policy, political identity, national consciousness

Abstract

Through a thorough examination of the aspects associated with Athenian Democracy, the present paper aims at highlighting the motives as well as the consequences of the reforms of Eubulos from the deme Probalinthos, mainly regarding the theoric fund, and of Lycurgus from the deme Boutadai. The Athenian citizens, after 338 BCE, experience a new promising era for their state under Lycurgus as ἐπί τῇ διοικήσει τῶν χρημάτων (in charge of the financial administration), who, through his extensive building policy in Attica, revives the political and military morale of the Athenian citizens, preparing them to defend once more the Greeks’ autonomy -by opposing the Macedonians, who were conceived as barbarians, and to reclaim consequently their lost hegemony in the Greek world.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ANDREADES 1933

Andreades, A. M., A History of Greek Public Finance (Cambridge: Harvard University Press.)

ANDREWES 1974

Andrewes, A., “The Arginousai Trial”, Phoenix: journal of the Classical Association of Canada 28, 112-122.

BADIAN 1995

Badian, E., “The Ghost of Empire: Reflections on Athenian Foreign Policy in the Fourth Century”. In Eder W. (ed.) 1995. Die athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag), 183–212.

BAYLISS 2011

Bayliss, A.J., After Demosthenes. The Politics of Early Hellenistic Athens (London and New York: Continuum.)

BLEICKEN 1987

Bleicken, J., “Die Einheit der athenischen Demokratie in klassischer Zeit”, Hermes: Zeitschrift für klassische Philologie 115, 257-283.

BOARDMAN/HAMMOND/LEWIS/OSTWALD 1988

Boardman, J., Hammond, N. G. L., Lewis, D. M. & Ostwald, M. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History (CAH), vol. IV: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c. 525 to 479 B.C., 2nd edition. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.)

BOERSMA 1970

Boersma, J.S., Athenian Building Policy from 561/0 to 405/4 B.C. (Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.)

BOUSQUET 1964

Bousquet, J., “Delphes et les Aglaurides d'Athenes”, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 88, 655-675.

BUCHANAN 1962

Buchanan, J.J., Theorika (New York: J. J. Augustin.)

BUCKLER 1989

Buckler, J. 1989. Philip II and the Sacred War (Leiden: E. J. Brill.)

BURKE 1985

Burke, E.M., “Lycurgan Finances”, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 26, 251-264.

BURKE 2010

Burke, E.M., “Finances and the operation of the Athenian democracy in Lycurgan era”, American journal of philology 131 (3), 393-423.

CAMP 1986

Camp, J.M., The Athenian Agora. Excavations in the Heart of Classical Athens (London: Thames and Hudson.)

CAMP 2001

Camp, J.M., The archaeology of Athens (New Haven; London: Yale University Press). Greek trans. Μ. Κλεώπα, Οι αρχαιότητες της Αθήνας και της Αττικής (Athens 2009).

CANEVARO 2013

Canevaro, M., The documents in the Attic Orators: Laws and Decrees in the Public Speeches of the Demosthenic Corpus (Oxford: Oxford University Press.)

CARGILL 1981

Cargill, J., The Second Athenian League: Empire or Free Alliance? (Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press.)

CARLIER 1990

Carlier, P., Démosthène (Paris: Fayard.)

CARLIER 1995

Carlier, P., Le IVe siècle grec (Paris: Éditions du Seuil.)

CAWKWELL 1963

Cawkwell, G.L., “Eubulos”, The Journal of Hellenic studies 83, 47-67.

CAWKWELL 1981

Cawkwell, G. L., “Notes on the Failure of the Second Athenian Confederacy”, The Journal of Hellenic studies 101, 40–54.

CLOCHÉ 1921

Cloché, P., “L`importance des pouvoirs de la boulé athénienne aux v. et iv. Siécles avant J.-C”, Revue des études grecques 34, 233-265.

COHEN 1995

Cohen, D., Law, Violence, and Community in Classical Athens (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.)

COLIN 1928

Colin, G., “Notes sur l'administration financière de l'orateur Lycurgue”, Revue des études anciennes 30, 189-200.

CONNOR 1994

Connor, W. R., “The Problem of Athenian Civic Identity”. In: Boegehold, A.L. & Scafuro, A.C. (eds.), Athenian Identity and Civic Ideology (Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press), 34-44.

CSAPO 2007

Csapo, E., “The Men Who Built the Theatres: theatropolai, theatronai, and arkhitektones”. In: Wilson, P. (ed.), The Greek Theatre and Festivals (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 87–115.

CSAPO/WILSON 2014

Csapo, E. & Wilson, P., “The Finance and Organisation of the Athenian Theatre in the Time of Eubulus and Lycurgus”. In: Csapo, E. et al. (eds.), Greek Theatre in the Fourth Century BC. (Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter), 393-424.

DE STE. CROIX 1956

De Ste. Croix, G.E.M., “The Constitution of the Five Thousand”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 5, 1-23.

DE STE. CROIX 1972

De Ste. Croix, G.E.M., The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (London: Duckworth.)

DEUBNER 1932

Deubner, L., Attische Feste (Berlin: Akademie Verlag.)

DINSMOOR 1933

Dinsmoor, W., “review of Hesperia 1”, American journal of archaeology 37, 180-182.

DREHER 1995

Dreher, M., Hegemon und Symmachoi. Untersuchungen zum Zweiten Athenischen Seebund (Berlin; New York: De Gruyter.)

DUE 1983

Due, B., “The trial of the generals in Xenophon’s Hellenica”, Classica et mediaevalia: revue danoise de philologie et d’histoire 34, 33-44.

DÜRRBACH 1890

Dürrbach, F., L'Orateur Lycurgue (Paris: E. Thorin.)

EDER 1995

Eder W. (ed.), Die athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.)

ENGELS 1988

Engels, J., “Das Eukratesgesetz und der Prozess der Kompetenzerweiterung des Areopagos in der Eubullos-und Lykurgära”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 74, 181-209.

ENGELS 1992

Engels, J., “Zur Stellung Lycurgus und zur Aussagekraft sense Militär- und Bauprogramms für die Demokratie von 322 v. Chr.”, Ancient Society 23, 5-29.

FARAGUNA 1992

Faraguna, M., Atene nell’età di Alessandro: problemi politici, economici, finanziari (Rome: Accademia nazionale dei Lincei.)

FINLEY 1973

Finley, M.I., Democracy ancient and modern (London: Rutgers University Press.)

FORSÉN/STANTON 1996

Forsén, B. & Stanton, G. (eds.), The Pnyx in the history of Athens: proceedings of an international colloquium organized by the Finnish Institute at Athens, 7-9 October, 1994 (Helsinki: Foundation of the Finnish Institute at Athens.)

FUKS 1971

Fuks, A., The ancestral constitution: Four studies in Athenian party politics at the end of the fifth century B.C., 2nd edition (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.)

GLOTZ 1948

Glotz. G., Histoire grecque (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.)

HABICHT 1997

Habicht, C., Athens from Alexander to Antony (Harvard; Cambridge: Harvard University Press.)

HALL 1997

Hall, J.M., Ethnic identity in Greek antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.)

HALL 2002

Hall, J.M., Hellenicity. Between Ethnicity and Culture (Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press.)

HAMMOND 1967

Hammond, N.G.L., “Origin and Nature of the Athenian Alliance”, The Journal of Hellenic studies 87, 41-61.

HAMMOND/GRIFFITH 1979

Hammond, N.G.L. & Griffith, G.T., A History of Macedonia, vol. 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press.)

HANINK 2014

Hanink, J., Lycurgan Athens and the Making of Classical Tragedy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.)

HANSEN 1983

Hansen, M.H., The Athenian Ecclesia. A Collection of Articles 1976-1983 (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.)

HANSEN 1989

Hansen, M.H., The Athenian Ecclesia II. A Collection of Articles 1983-1989 (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.)

HANSEN 1991

Hansen, M.H., Athenian democracy in the age of Demosthenes: structure, principles and ideology (Oxford; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.)

HARRIS 1995

Harris, Ed., Aeschines and Athenian Politics (New York: Oxford University Press.)

HARRIS 2014

Harris, Ed., Democracy and the Rule of Law in Classical Athens: Essays on Law, Society, and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.)

HEDRICK 1988

Hedrick, C.W. Jr., “The temple and cult of Apollo Patroos in Athens”, American journal of archaeology 92, 185–210.

HINTZEN-BOHLEN 1997

Hintzen-Bohlen, B., Die Kulturpolitik des Eubulos und des Lycurg. Die Denkmäler- und Bauprojekte in Athen zwischen 355 und 322 v. Chr. (Berlin: Akademie Verlag.)

HOPPER 1953

Hopper, R.J., “The Attic Silver Mines in the Fourth Century B.C.”, Annual of the British School at Athens 48, 200–254.

HOPPER 1968

Hopper, R.J., “The Laurion Mines: A Reconsideration”, Annual of the British School at Athens 63, 293-326.

HORNBLOWER 1991

Hornblower, S., The Greek World, 479-323 BC. (London: Routledge.)

HUMPHREYS 1985

Humphreys, S.C., “Lycurgus of Butadae: An Athenian aristocrat”, in Eadie, J.W. & Ober, J. (eds) 1985. The Craft of the Ancient Historian: Essays in Honor of Chester G. Starr (Lanham, MD: University Press of America), 199–252.

ISMARD 2007

Ismard, P., “Les associations en Attique de Solon à Clisthène”. In : Couvenhes, J. C. & Milanezi, S. (eds.) 2007. Individus, groupes et politique à Athènes de Solon à Mithridate (Tours: Presses Universitaires François Rabelais), 17-33.

JACKSON 1969

Jackson, H.W., “The Original Purpose of the Delian League”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 18, 12-16.

JAEGER 1939

Jaeger, W., Demosthenes: der Staatsmann und sein Werden (Berlin: de Gruyter.)

JOHNSON 1915

Johnson, A.C., “Studies in the Financial Administration of Athens”, American journal of philology 36, 424–445.

KAGAN 1987

Kagan, D., The Fall of the Athenian Empire (Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.)

KNELL 2000

Knell, H., Athen im 4. Jahrhundert v.Chr.: eine Stadt verändert ihr Gesicht; Archäologisch- kulturgeschichtliche Betrachtungen (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.)

KNOX 1985

Knox R.A., “So Mischievous a Beast? The Athenian Demos and its Treatment of Politicians”, Greece and Rome 32, 132–161.

KONSTAN 2001

Konstan, D., “To Hellēnikon ethnos: Ethnicity and the Construction of Ancient Greek Identity”. In: Malkin, I. (ed.), Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity (Washington; Cambridge: Harvard University Press), 29-50.

KOUROUNIOTES/THOMPSON 1932

Kourouniotes, K. &Thompson, H.A., “The Pnyx in Athens”, Hesperia: the journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 1, 90-217.

KREMMYDAS 2012

Kremmydas, C. A., Commentary on Demosthenes Against Leptines (Oxford: Oxford University Press.)

KRENTZ 1982

Krentz, P., The Thirty at Athens (Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.)

KRENTZ 1984

Krentz, P., “The Pnyx in 404/403 B.C.”, American journal of archaeology 88, 230-231.

KRIKONA 2016

Krikona, E., “From the "National" to the Political Consciousness in Athens of the 6th century BCE, and the Emergence of Democracy”, Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 3 (1), 5-11.

KRIKONA 2017

Krikona, E., “The theory of Aristotle on the Spartan mixed Constitution and the Athenian Patrios Politeia”, Conatus Journal 2 (1), 69-78.

KRIKONA 2018

Krikona, E., “The Notion of Panhellenism through Athenian and Syracusan Dedications in Apollo’s sanctuary at Delphi in the early 5th century BCE”. In: Popović, A., Kramberger, J., Fileš, M. & Franković, F. (eds.), Through the Eyes of a Stranger – Appropriating Foreign Material Culture and Transforming the Local Context (Zagreb: University of Zagreb), 38-57.

KRIKONA 2018B

Krikona, E., “Commemorating the Power of Democracy. The Constructed Athenian Collective Memory of the Persian Wars through the Eyes of Aeschylus”, Akropolis: Journal of Hellenic Studies, 85-104.

KRIKONA 2019

Krikona, E., “The presence of Theseus and the Tyrannicides during the Persian wars: hero-cult as a linking means between military victory and Constitution in the early fifth century BCE Athens”. In: Pomer Monferrer, J.J. & Redondo, J. (eds.), Mite i miracle a les literatures antigues i medievals (Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert Publications, in press.)

LAMBERT 1993

Lambert, S.D., The Phratries of Attica (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.)

LARSEN 1940

Larsen, J.A.O., “The Constitution and the Original Purpose of the Delian League”, Harvard studies in classical philology 51, 175-213.

LEHMANN 2004

Lehmann, G.A., Demosthenes von Athen: ein Leben für die Freiheit (München: C.H. Beck Verlag.)

LÉVY 1976

Lévy, Ed., Athènes devant la défaite de 404: histoire d’une crise idéologique (Paris: De Boccard.)

LEWIS/BOARDMAN/HORNBLOWER/OSTWALD 1994

Lewis, D.M., Boardman, J., Hornblower, S. & Ostwald, M. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History (CAH), vol. VI: The Fourth Century BC, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.)

MA 2008

Ma, J., “Chaironeia 338: topographies of commemoration”, The Journal of Hellenic studies 128, 72-91.

MA/PAPAZARKADAS/PARKER 2009

Ma, J., Papazarkadas, N. & Parker, R. (eds.), Interpreting the Athenian Empire (London: Duckworth.)

McDOWELL 1986

MacDowell, D.M., “The Law of Periandros about Symmories”, Classical Quarterly 36, 438-449.

MARKLE 2004

Markle, M.M., “Jury Pay and Assembly Pay at Athens”. In: Rhodes, P.J. (ed.), Athenian Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 95–131.

McDONALD 1943

McDonald, W.A., The Political Meeting Places of the Greeks (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.)

MEIGGS 1972

Meiggs, P., The Athenian Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press.)

MERITT/TRAILL 1974

Meritt, B. D. & Traill, J., Agora Publication: Agora XV (Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.)

MITCHEL 1970

Mitchel, F.W., Lycurgan Athens 338-322 B.C. (Oklahoma; Cincinnati; Leiden: University of Cincinnati.)

MOSSÉ 1971

Mossé, Cl., Histoire d’une démocratie: Athènes. Des origines à la conquête macédonienne (Paris: Éditions du Seuil.)

MOSSÉ 1973

Mossé, Cl., Athens in Decline, 404–86 B.C. Trans. J. Stewart (London; Boston: Routledge.)

MOSSÉ 1978

Mossé, Cl., “Le thème de la Patrios Politeia dans la pensée grecque du IVème siècle”, Eirene: studia Graeca et Latina 16, 81-89.

MOTZKI 1903

Motzki, A., Eubulos von Probalinthos und seine Finanzpolitik (Königsberg: Albertus-Universitat Königsberg Press.)

MOYSEY 1981

Moysey, R.A., “The Thirty and the Pnyx”, American journal of archaeology 85, 31-37.

NÄF 1997

Näf, B., “Vom Frieden reden – den Krieg meinen? Aspekte der griechischen Friedensvorstellungen und der Politik des Atheners Eubulos”, Klio: Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte 79 (2), 317-340.

OBER 1985

Ober, J., Fortress Attica. Defense of the Athenian Land Frontier 404-322 B.C. (Leiden: E.J. Brill.)

OBER 1989

Ober, J., Mass and elite in Democratic Athens: rhetoric, ideology, and the power of the people (Princeton: Princeton University Press.)

OBER 2015

Ober, J., The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece (Princeton: Princeton University Press.)

OSTWALD 1986

Ostwald, M., From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law: law, society, and politics in fifth-century Athens (Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press.)

PARKER 1996

Parker, R., Athenian religion: a history (Oxford: Oxford University Press.)

PELEKIDES 1962

Pelekides, Ch., Histoire de l’éphébie attique des origines à 31 avant Jésus-Christ (Paris: De Boccard.)

PERLMAN 1963

Perlman, S.M., The Politicians in the Athenian Democracy of the Fourth Century B.C. (Pavia: Universita Degli Studi Di Pavia.)

PERLMAN 1969

Perlman, S.M., “Isocrates' “Philippus” and Panhellenism”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 18, 370-374.

PERLMAN 1976

Perlman, S.M., “Panhellenism, The Polis and Imperialism”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 25, 1-30.

PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE 1914

Pickard-Cambridge, A.W., Demosthenes and the Last Days of Greek Freedom, 384-322 B.C. (New York; London: G. P. Putnam's sons.)

PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE 1946

Pickard-Cambridge, A.W., The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens (Oxford: Clarendon Press.)

PRITCHETT 1980

Pritchett, W.K., “Studies in Ancient Greek Topography III, Amphipolis restudied”, Classical Studies 22, 298-346.

RAUBITSCHEK 1962

Raubitschek A.E., “Demokratia”, Hesperia: the journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 31, 238-243.

RHODES 1972

Rhodes, P.J., The Athenian Boule (Oxford: Clarendon Press.)

RHODES 1993

Rhodes, P.J., A commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion politeia (revised ed.) (Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press.)

RHODES 2010

Rhodes, P.J., A History of the Classical Greek World: 478-323 BC (London: Blackwell.)

RHODES 2011

Rhodes, P.J., “Appeals to the Past in Classical Athens”. In: Steiner, H.G. (ed.), Stablilty and Crisis in the Athenian Democracy, Historia Einzelschriften 220, 13-30.

RICHARDSON 2003

Richardson, M.B., “The Date of Pnyx III: SEG XII 87, the Law of Eukrates on Tyranny (337/6 B.C.)”, in Bakewell, G.W. & Sickinger, J.P. (eds.), Gestures. Essays in Ancient History, Literature, and Philosophy presented to Alan L. Boegehold (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 332-337.)

ROSELLI 2009

Roselli, D.K., “Theorika in Fifth-Century Athens”, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 49, 5–30.

ROTROFF/CAMP 1996

Rotroff, S.I. & Camp, J,M., “The Date of the Third Period of the Pnyx”, Hesperia: the journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 65 (3), 263-294.

RUSCHENBUSCH 1958

Ruschenbusch, E., “Patrios Politeia: Theseus, Drakon, Solon und Kleisthenes in Publizistik und Geschichtsschreibung des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 7, 398-424.

RUSCHENBUSCH 1978

Ruschenbusch, E., “Die athenischen Symmorien des 4. Jh. v. Chr.”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 31, 275-284.

RUZÉ 2003

Ruzé, Fr., Eunomia. À la recherche de l’équité (Paris: De Boccard.)

RYDER 1965

Ryder, T.T.B., Koine Eirene: General Peace and Local Independence in Ancient Greece (London: Oxford University Press.)

SAÏD 2001

Saïd, S., “The Discourse of Identity in Greek Rhetoric from Isocrates to Aristides”. In: Malkin, I. (ed.), Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity (Washington; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press), 275-299.

SCOTT 2008

Scott, M., “Constructing identities in sacred inter-state space: the case of the Arcadian monument at Delphi”. In: Menozzi, O., Di Marzio, M.L. & Fossataro, D. (eds.), SOMA 2005: Proceedings of the IX Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, BAR International Series 1739 (Oxford: Archaeopress), 431-438.

SCOTT 2009

Scott, M., From democrats to kings: the brutal dawn of a new world from the downfall of Athens to the rise of Alexander the Great (London: Icon.)

SCOTT 2010

Scott, M., Delphi and Olympia. The spatial Politics of Panhellenism in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.)

SELEY 1957

Sealey, R., “IG II2 1609 and the Transformation of the Second Athenian League”, Phoenix: journal of the Classical Association of Canada 11, 95-111.

SELEY 1993

Sealey, R., Demosthenes and His Time: A Study in Defeat (New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.)

SHAPIRO 1998

Shapiro, H. A., “Autochthony and the visual arts in fifth-century Athens”. In: Boedeker, D. & Raaflaub, K. A. (eds.), Democracy, Empire, and the Arts in fifth-century Athens (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), 127-151.

SHEAR 2011

Shear, J., Polis and Revolution: Responding to Oligarchy in Classical Athens (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.)

STRAUSS 2004

Strauss, B., Salamis: The Greatest Battle of the Ancient World 480 BC (London: Hutchinson.)

THOMPSON 1937

Thompson, H.A., “Buildings on the West Side of the Agora”, Hesperia: the journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 6, 1-226.

THOMPSON/SCRANTON 1943

Thompson, H.A. & Scranton, R.L., “Stoas and City Walls on the Pnyx”, Hesperia: the journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 7, 269-301.

THOMPSON 1982

Thompson, H.A., “The Pnyx in Models”, Hesperia: the journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Suppl. 19, 133-147.

THOMSEN 1964

Thomsen, R., Eisphora. A Study of Direct Taxation in Ancient Athens (Copenhagen: Gyldendal.)

THREPSIADES/VANDERPOOL 1964

Threpsiades, J. & Vanderpool E., “Themistocles' Sanctuary of Artemis Aristoboule”, Archaiologikon Deltion 19, 26-36.

TRAVLOS 1971

Travlos, J.N., Pictorial dictionary of Ancient Athens (London: Thames and Hudson.)

WALBANK 1951

Walbank, Fr. W., “The Problem of Greek Nationality”, Phoenix: journal of the Classical Association of Canada 5, 41-60.

WALLACE 1989

Wallace, R.W., “The Athenian Proeispherontes”, Hesperia: the journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 58 (4), 473-490.

WHITEHEAD 1982-1983

Whitehead, D., “Sparta and the Thirty Tyrants”, Ancient Society 13, 105-130.

WILSON 2011

Wilson, P., “The Glue of Democracy: Tragedy, Structure and Finance”. In: Carter, D. (ed.), Why Athens? A Reappraisal of Tragic Politics (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press), 19–43.

WIRTH 1999

Wirth, G., “Seekrieg und Flottenpolitik zwischen Eubulos und Alexander”. In: Chrysos, E., Letsios, D., Richter, H.A. & Stupperich, R. (eds.), Griechenland und das Meer (Frankfurt am Main: Otto Harrassowitz), 85-99.

WIRTH 1999B

Wirth, G., Hypereides, Lykurg und die αὐτονομία der Athener (Wien.)

WOODHEAD 1997

Woodhead, A.G., Agora Publication: Agora XVI (Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.)

WORTHINGTON 2013

Worthington, I., Demosthenes of Athens and the Fall of Classical Greece (Oxford: Oxford University Press.)

Downloads

Published

2019-10-05

Issue

Section

Ancient History

How to Cite

THE REVIVAL OF THE ATHENIAN POLITICAL AND MILITARY MORALE IN THE TIME OF LYCURGUS. (2019). JOURNAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.14795/j.v6i3.442

Similar Articles

1-10 of 140

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.