A LEAD-GLAZED ATRAMENTARIUM DISCOVERED AT APULUM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14795/j.v10i1.855Keywords:
Apulum, funerary context, atramentarium, lead-glaze, modelling techniques, experiment.Abstract
Recently, in the Southern necropolis of Apulum, an inkwell with lead-glaze was discovered, which had been deposited as funerary inventory in a cremation tomb. Only one other ceramic inkwell from the pottery centre from Micăsasa was known in Dacia. The shape of the piece is unique and represents a transposition in pottery of metal-made inkwells. Various technological aspects suggest a local production in the area of the ancient cities of Apulum, where two workshops in which glazed pottery was also manufactured are known. In parallel, glazed pieces are a relatively frequent presence in the necropolises of this urban centre, being deposited in tombs with a rich inventory. The presence of the find is a professional symbol that reflects certain professions or intellectual pursuits. It was possible to determine through a paleo-technological experiment the manner in which the artefact was manufactured.Downloads
References
ALONSO 2013
Alonso, J., Cápsulas de sellos en Hispania romana. Aproximación a una primera clasificación formal. Seal Boxes in Roman Hispania: Approach to a First Formal Classification, Sautuola 18, 213-226.
ALONSO/JEREZ/GONZÁLES 2012
Alonso, J./Jerez, L. J. M./González, R. S., Instrumentos de escritura en Hispania. Artesanos, latieres y manufacturas en Hispania, Reunión científica, Mérida (Badajoz, España), 25-26 de octubre, 2012, Archivo Español de Arqueología 71, 169-189.
ALONSO et alii 2019
Alonso, J./González, R. S./José, M./Jerez L. M., Tinteros de bronce romanos de Augusta Emerita. Roman bronze inkpots from Augusta Emerita, Archivo Español de Arqueología 92, 251-269.
ÁLVAREZ/RODRIGO 2007
Álvarez, M. B./Rodrigo, J. R. B., La corriente imitativa cerámica en los alfares de Augusta Emerita: el caso concreto de los atramentaria, Mérida, excavaciones arqueológicas 10, 523-537.
ANGHEL 2019
Anghel, D., Vase cu picior din perspectivă paleotehnologică și experimentală, Acta Musei Porolissensis XLI, 303-320.
ANGHEL 2020
Anghel, D. Ge., Fructiera dacică din perspectiva tehnicilor de confecționare. In: Bărbulescu, C. A./Croitoru, C./Udrescu, O. V. (eds.), Miscellanea Historica et Archaeologica in Memoriam Dumitru Berciu” (Brăila, Râmnicu Vâlcea: Istros), 207-226.
ANGHEL/BOUNEGRU 2020
Anghel, D. Ge./Bounegru, Ge. V., Contribuții experimentale privind tehnologia de confecționare a opaițelor romane. In: Aparaschivei, D./Bilvaschi, G./Pîrnău, L., (eds.), Varia Archeologica, I, Tradiție și inovație în cercetarea arheologică din România și Republica Moldova (Cluj-Napoca: Mega), 205-222.
ANGHEL/CIULAVU/BOUNEGRU 2021
Anghel, D./Ciulavu, F./Bounegru, Ge., Noi date privind activitatea atelierelor de olari de la Apulum, Apulum 58, 122-163.
ANGHEL/TĂNĂSELIA/BOER 2021
Anghel, D. Ge./Tănăselia, C./Boer, O. T., Contribuții cu privire la identificarea metodelor de ardere a ceramicii glazurate romane, Acta Musei Porolissensis 43, 243-260.
ANGHEL/IÓZEF-GÁBOR/BALTEȘ 2022
Anghel, D. Ge./Iózef-Gábor, N./Balteș, G., Noi date despre producția de ceramică cu glazură plombiferă de la Apulum, Terra Sebus 14 (in print).
ARTHUR 1978
Arthur, P., The lead glazed wares of Roman Britain. In: Arthur P./Marsch, G. (eds.), Early Fine Wares in Roman Britain, BAR, British Series, 5 (Oxford: BAR Publishing), 293-355.
BAJUSZ 2004
Bajusz, I., Aspecte privind cunoașterea și folosirea scrisului la Porolissum, Acta Musei Porolissensis 26 316-325.
BAJUSZ 2004a
Bajusz, I., Schreibinstrumente aus Dacia Porolissensis. Tintenfasser. In: Ruscu, L./Ciongradi, C./Ardevan, R./Roman, C./Găzdac, C. (eds.), Orbis antiquus. Studia in honorem loannis Pisonis. Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis 21 (Cluj-Napoca: Nereamia Napocae), 368-374.
BELTRÁN LLORIS 1990
Beltrán Lloris, M., Guia de la cerámica romana (Zaragoza: Libros Pórtico).
BERNAL-CASASOLA et alii 2020
Bernal-Casasola, D./Expósito, J. A./Diaz, J. J./Pascual, M. A., Tinta entre atunes: a propósito de un atramentarium en sigilata del barrio meridional de Baelo Claudia, Boletín Ex Officina Hispana 11, 68-72.
BILKEI 1980
Bilkei, I., Römische Schreibgeräte aus Pannonien, Alba Regia 18, 61-90.
BOLOG 2017
Bolog, A. C., Necropola romană de la Apulum, Dealul Furcilor-„Podei” (campaniile 2008-2012), [Bibliotheca Musei Apulensis 27] (Cluj-Napoca: Risoprint).
BOUNEGRU et alii 2021
Bounegru, G./Anghel, D. G./Bolog, A. C./Timofan, A./Tănăselia, C./Angyus, B., Ceramică glazurată descoperită în necropolele romane de la Apulum, Banatica 31, 107-128.
BOŽIČ 2001
Božič, D., Sur la fonction d'une plaque en bronze de Ljubljana (SI), Instrumentum 14, 19.
BOŽIČ 2001a
Božič, D., Zum Schreibgerät aus dem Grab einer Ärztin aus Vindonissa (CH), Instrumentum 14, 30-31.
BOŽIČ 2002
Božič, D., A Roman grave with writing implements from Ljubljana (SI), Instrumentum 16, 33-35.
BOŽIČ/FEUGÉRE 2004
Božič, D./Feugére, M., Les instruments de l´écrilure, Gallia 61, 21-41.
CERAMIC GOODS 2018
Rusu-Bolindeț, V./Botiș, F. - O., (eds.), The supply of ceramic goods in Dacia and Lower Moesia: Imports and local developments. Exhibition catalogue (Cluj-Napoca: Mega).
CERDÁN/MORAIS/CANELLO 2019
Cerdán, A. A. M./Morais, R./Canello, R. D., Cerámica vidriada romana en los contextos altoimperiales del campamento de León (España), Sagvntvm 51, 151-176.
COLETTI/CONTINO/GOHIER 2017
Coletti, F./Contino, A./Gohier, P., Analisi archeometriche e ossevazioni tipologiche sulle produzioni “romano-campane” di ceramica invetriata a Roma (calamai, lucerne, crateri): Il nuovo mercato Testaccio e siti di confront. In: Coll Conesa, J. (ed.), Actas del IV Congreso Internacional de la SECAH (Valencia) (Valencia: La Ergástula), 127-138.
CONTINO et alii 2011
Contino, A./Porcari, B./Mastrodonato, V./Luccernini, F., Scarti di produzione di calamai in ceramica invetruiata (Abstract), Ricerche in corso sui magazzini romani: Roma – Ostia – Portus (Roma, 13-15 April 2011), http://www.entrepots-anr.efa.gr/sitefiles/files/roma_042011/produzione%20di%20calamai%20-%20abstract.pdf.
COOL/PRICE 1994
Cool, H./Price, J., Colchester Archaeological Report, 8: Roman vessel glass from excavations in Colchester, 1971-85 (Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Trust).
CSERNI 1901
Cserni, A., Alsófehérvármegye monográphiája II/I, Alsóféhervármegye történelme (Aiud: Nagyenyedi Könyvnyomda és Papirárugyár Részvénytársaság).
CUOMO DI CAPRIO 2017
Cuomo di Caprio, N., Ceramics in Archaeology, From prehistoric to medieval times in Europe and the Mediterranean: Ancient craftsmanship and modern laboratory technics (Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider).
CVJETIĆANIN 2004
Cvjetićanin, T., Decorated inkpot with Socrates stamp. In: Mușețeanu, C. (ed.), The antique bronzes: typology, chronology, authenticity. Acta of the 16th international congress of antique bronzes, Bucharest 2003 (Bucharest: Cetatea de Scaun), 119-123.
CVJETIĆANIN 2010
Cvjetićanin, T., Roman pottery in Moesia Superior, Catalogue of exhibition, Belgrad, 19-26 September, 2010 (Belgrade: National Museum).
DELAGE 2010
Delage, R., La sigilée de Rheinzabern. In: Brulet, R./Vilvolder, F./Delage, R./Landuron, D., (eds.), La céramique romaine en Gaule de Nord. Dictionaire des céramigue. La vaiseele à large diffusion (Turnhout: Brepols), 173-191.
DELAGE 2010a
Delage, R., La sigilée de Graufesenque. In: Brulet, R./Vilvolder, F./Delage, R./Landuron, D., (eds.), La céramique romaine en Gaule de Nord. Dictionaire des céramigue. La vaiseele à large diffusion (Turnhout: Brepols), 60-86.
DESBAT 1986
Desbat, A., Céramiques à glaçure plombifère des fouilles de Lyon et Vienne. In: SFECAG. Actes du congrès de Toulouse, 9-11, Mai, 1986, 33-39.
DE VITO et alii 2017
De Vito, C./Medeghini, L./Mignardi, S./Coletti, F./Contino, A., Roman glazed inkwells from the “Nuovo Mercato di Testaccio” (Rome, Italy): Production technology, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 37, 1779-1788.
DIOSCORIDES
Pedanius Dioscorides, De materia medica. Codex Neapolitanus, Napoli, Biblioteca Nazionale, Ms. Ex. Vindob. Gr. 1, kommentiert von Carlo Bertelli, Salvatore Lilla, Guglielmo Cavallo, 2 vol (Rom: Salerno Editrice/Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1988/1992).
DRIESSEN/BESSELSEN 2014
Driessen, M./Besselsen, E. (eds.), Voorburg-Arentsburg – Een Romeinse havenstad tussen Rijn en Maas (Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam), 2004.
ECKARDT 2016
Eckardt, H., Catalogue of Roman metal inkwells (London-New York), http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/inkwells_2016/downloads.cfm.
ECKARDT 2018
Eckardt, H., Writing and Power in the Roman World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
EISEMAN 1975
Eiseman, C. I., Classical Inkpots, American Journal of Archaeology 79/4, 374-375.
ETTLINGER et alii 1990
Ettlinger, E./Hedjnger, B./Kenrick, P. M./Pucci, G./Roth-Rubi, K./Schneider, G./Von Schurbejn, S./Colin, M. W./Zabehlicky-Scheffennegger, S./Habelt, R. (eds.), Conspectus formarum terrae sigillatae Italico modo confectae (Bonn: R. Habelt).
FIORENTINI/STERPA 2016
Fiorentini, F./Sterpa, S., Gli oggetti rinvenuti nella tomba dei Salvi e conservati al Museo Civico di Viterbo: la ricostruzione della vita quotidiana nell’antica Ferento, Archeotuscia News 13, 27-31.
FÜNFSCHILLING 2012
Fünfschilling, S., Schreibgeräte und Schreibzubehör aus Augusta Raurica, Jahresberichte aus Augst und Kaiseraugst 33, 163-236.
GIUMLIA-MAIR 2021
Giumlia Mair, A. R. G., Black inlaid Roman inkwells from Trieste, Italy. In: Leger, L./Raux, S. (eds.), Des objets et des hommes. Etudes offertes à Michel Feugère, Monographies Instrumentum 71 (Drémil-Lafage: Editions Mergoil), 503-512.
GLAZED 2021
Anghel, D./Timofan, A./Bounegru, Ge./Tănăselia, C./Rusu-Bolindeț, V./Lascu, I./Dana, D., Roman Lead-Glazed Ceramics from tht Collection of the National Museum of the Unification Alba Iulia (Cluj-Napoca: Mega).
GODARD 1992
Godard, C., Une réserve de céramiques de l´epoque de Claude a Vienne (Isère), S.F.E.C.A.G., Actes du Congrès de Tournai, 239-264.
GOHIER 2018
Gohier, P., Les céramiques à glaçure plombifère antiques en Gaule Méridionales dans la Vallée du Rhône (Ier siècle av. J. C. – IIIe siècle apr. J. C.), Archéologie Histoire Romaine 40, Edition Mergoil Drémil Lafarge.
GOHIER/DESBAT/BONNET 2018
Gohier, P./Desbat, A./Béal, J.-C./Bonnet, C., Deux vases remarquables en céramique à glaçure plombifère du début du Ier siècle mis au jour à Saint-Vulbas (Ain), Revue archéologique de l’Est 67, 473-479.
GOMEZEL 1994
Gomezel, C., Un calamaio con firma del produttore ad Aquileia. In: Panciera, S. (ed.), Epigrafi a della produzione e della distribuzione (Rome: École Française de Rome), 767-768.
GREENE 2007
Greene, K., Late Hellenistic and Early Roman invention and innovation: The Case of Lead-Glazed Pottery, American Journal of Archaeology 111/4, 653-671.
GUNEWEG 2018
Guneweg, J., Ink. In the light of the Dead Sea scrolls. How did the ancients make their ink and what did they use as pen?, Project: A Trans-disciplinary View on the site where the 2000 year old Parchment manuscripts -the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls- were found by combining Nuclear, Biological and Synchrotron-based analytical Techniques, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327136752
HAYES 2009
Hayes, J. W, Castelporziano Excavations at the Imperial Vicus 1985-7 and 1996-8 Trenches S and SA: pottery finds and lamps (Oxford: University of Oxford).
HANUT 2010
Hanut, F., La sigillée italique. In: Brulet, R./Vilvorder, F./Delage, R./Laduron, D. (eds.), La céramique romaine en Gaule de Nord. Dictionaire des céramigue. La vaiseele à large diffusion (Turnhout: Brepols), 37-46.
HOCHULI-GYSEL 2002
Hochuli-Gysel, A., La céramique à glaçure plombifère d’Asie et du bassin méditerranéen oriental (du ler s. av. J.-C. au ler s. ap. J.-C.). In: Blondé, F.(ed.), Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines, productions et diffusion en Méditerranée orientale (Chypre, Égypte et côte syro-palestinienne). Atti del convegno, Lione 2-4 marzo 2000 (Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient méditerranéen, 35) (Lyon: Maison de l'Orient), 303-319.
HOUSTON 2014
Houston, G. W., Inside Roman Libraries. Book Collection and Their Management in Antiquity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).
HÖPKEN/DÖHNER/FIEDLER 2009
Höpken, C./Döhner, G./Fiedler, M., Zur Produktion glasierter Keramik während der mittleren Kaiserzeit in der Provinz Germania inferior. Zeugnisse aus Köln, Bonn und Soller, Bonner Jahrbücher 209, 29-146.
IDR I
Pippidi, D. M./Russu I. I. (eds.), Inscripțiile antice din Dacia și Scythia Minor (București: Editura Academiei Române, 1975).
JANČOVIČOVÁ et alii 2007
Jančovičová, V./Čeppan, M./Havlinová, B./Reháková, M./Jakubiková, Z., Interactions in Iron Gall Inks, Chemistry Paper 61/5, 391-397.
KÖLCZE 2018
Kölcze, B., A typology of the Late Roman glazed pottery of Pannonia, Hungarian Archaeology E-Journal, Autumn, 20-26.
LA FRAGOLA 2015
La Fragola, A., Instrumenta scriptoria da sepoltura di età romana a cremazione, Studi di Antichità 13, 247-256.
LIPOVAN 1983-1984
Lipovan, I. T., Officina ceramistului Gaius Iulius Proclus la Ampelum, Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie Cluj-Napoca 26, 301-317.
LIPOVAN 1990
Lipovan, I. T., Cu privire la ceramica cu glazură plombiferă din Ampelum, Studii şi Comunicări de Istorie Veche şi Arheologie 41/3-4, 273-292.
LUGINBÜHL 2017
Luginbühl, J., Salve Domina. Hinweise auf lessende und schreibende Frauen im Römischen Reich, Hasbonline 22, 49-74.
MACREA/PROTASE 1959
Macrea, M./Protase, D., Șantierul Alba Iulia și împrejurimi, Materiale și cercetări arheologice, 435-452.
MARTIN 1995
Martin, A., Central Italian Lead-Glazed Ware, Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores Acta 24, 63-68.
MARTINI 2018
Martini, A., Et ecce vir, […] qui habebit atramentarium in dorso suo (Ezechiele, IX, 11): Il calamaio in ceramica invetriata nei contesti sacri e sepolcrali, Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 119, 29-38.
MERTEN 1982
Merten, J., Römisches Schreibgerät aus Trier, Funde und Ausgrabungen im Bezirk Trier 14, 14-19.
MEZQUIRIZ DE CATÁLAN 1961
Mezquiriz de Catalán, M. A., Terra Sigilatta Hispanica (Valencia: William L. Bryant Foundation).
MITROFAN 1990
Mitrofan, I., Les recherches archéologiques de l´établissement romain de Micăsasa, Dacia NS 34, 129-138.
MOELLER 1968
Moeller, W. O., The ”Atramentarius„ at Pompeii, Technology and Culture 9/1, 51-54.
MOREL 1965
Morel J.-P., Céramique à vernis noir du forum romain du Palatin (Rome: École Française de Rome), https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1965_mon_3_1.
MUȘEȚEANU 1993
Mușețeanu, C., Céramique à glaçure plombiphère de Durostorum, Pontica 26, 231-244.
NAGY 1945
Nagy L., Zöldzománcos római dísztál Budáról. Le vase de luxe à glaçure verte de Buda, Budapest Régiségei XIV, 285-301.
NIR-EL/BROSHI 1996
Nir-El, Y./Broshi, M., The Black Ink of the Qumran Scrolls, Dead Sea Discoveries 3/2, 57-167.
OSWALD/PRYCE 1920
Oswald, F./Pryce, T. D., An Introduction of the Study of Terra Sigillata (London: Longmans, Green and Co.).
OTA 2009
Ota, R., Some observation on the latest archaeological research carried out in the roman necropolis from Apulum (Alba Iulia) – „Dealul Furcilor”, Ephemeris Napocensis 19, 23-47.
PEACOCK 1982
Peacock, D. P. S., Pottery in the Roman World: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach (New York: Longman).
PLINIUS
Pliny the Elder, Pliny's Natural history. In thirty-seven books by, Pliny, the Elder, Holland, Philemon, 1552-1637 (London: Barclay, for the Wernerian Club, 1847-1849).
PORCARI et alii 2010
Porcari, B./Contino, A./Luccerini, F./Mastrodonto, V./Sclocchi, S., Scarti din produzione di ceramica invetriata dallo scavo del Nuovo Metcato Testaccio a Roma Soparintendenza Special per i Beni Archeologici di Roma, Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores Acta 41, 303-311.
PRADELL/MOLERA 2020
Pradell, T./Molera, J., Ceramic Technology. How to Characterise Ceramic Glazes, Archaeological and Anthropological Science 12:189, DOI:10.1007/s12520-020-01136-9.
PROTASE 1974
Protase, D., Necropola orașului Alba Iulia, Apulum 12, 134-157.
QUINTEIRA 1984
Quinteira, A. J. F., Duas peças de vidrado verde achadas em Conimbriga, Conimbriga 23, 103-110.
RABIN 2021
Rabin, I., Material Studies of Historic Inks: Transition from Carbon to Iron-Gall Inks. In: Raggetti, L., (ed.), Traces of Ink. Experiences of Philology and Replication, Nuncius Series. Studies and Sources in the Material and Visual History of Science, 7 (Leiden, Bristor: Brill), 70-78.
RAMUSSEN et alii 2012
Ramussen, K. L./Tenorio, A. L./Bonaduce, I./Colombini, M. P./Birolo, L./Galano, G./Amoresano, A./Doudna, G./Andrew D. B./Palleschi, V./Lorenzetti, G./Der Plicht, J./Gunnewe, J., New prospects for provenancing the ink on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Journal of Archaeological Science 39/9, 2956-2968; DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.041.
REGEP-VLASCICI 2008
Regep-Vlascici, S., Opaițele de seu din Dacia romană. Producția locală. In: Benea, D. (ed.), Dacia în sistemul socio-economic roman Cu privire la atelierele meşteşugăreşti locale (Timișoara: Excelsior Art), 341-352.
RÉMAZEILLES/CONFORTO 2008
Rémazeilles, C./Conforto, E., A Buried Roman Bronze Inkwell. Chemical interactions with agricultural fertilizers, Studies in Conservation 53, 110-117.
ROSENFELD 2002
Rosenfeld, R., Tools for producing books and documents in roman antiquity and the middle ages: a summary list of Classes, Scriptorium 56/1, 156-176, DOI: 10.3406/scrip.2002.1952.
RUSU-BOLINDEȚ 2007
Rusu-Bolindeţ, V. Ceramica romană de la Napoca. Contribuţii la studiul ceramicii din Dacia romană. Biblioteca Musei Napocensis 25 (Cluj-Napoca: Mega).
SIBILIA et alii 2021
Sibilia, M./Stani, C./Gigli, L./Pollastri, S./Migliori, A./D’Amico, F./Schmid, C./Licen, S./Crosera, M./Adami, G./Barbieri, P./Plaisier, J. R./Aquilanti, G./Vaccari, L./Buson, S./Gonzato, F., A multidisciplinary study unveils the nature of a Roman ink of the I century AD, Scientifc Reports 11:7231, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86288-x.
SPEIDEL 1996
Speidel, M. A., Die römischen Schreibtafeln von Vindonissa,Veröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft Pro Vindonissa XII (Brugg : Gesellschaft Pro Vindonissa).
STRECKERT/SEEVERS 2019
Streckert, K. A./Seevers, B. V., A Unique Early Roman Inkwell from Ancient Shiloh, Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 64, 51-55.
THOMPSON 2007
Thompson, N. L., Roman Art: A resource for educators. Expozition Catalogue (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art).
VARGA/CHIOREAN 2020
Varga, T./Chiorean, P., Ars scribendi. Writing Implements Discovered in the Legionary Fortress of Potaissa, Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai - Historia 65/1, 123-141.
VILVOLDER 2010
Vilvorder, F., La Sigillée de Trèves. In: Brulet, R./Vilvorder, F./Delage, R./Laduron D. (eds.), La céramique romaine en Gaule de Nord. Dictionaire des céramigue. La vaiseele à large diffusion (Turnhout: Brepols), 191-198.
VILVOLDER 2010a
Vilvolder, F.,La céramique à glaçure plombifére du Central Gaule. In: Brulet, R./Vilvorder, F./Delage, R./Laduron, D. (eds.), La céramique romaine en Gaule de Nord. Dictionaire des céramigue. La vaiseele à large diffusion (Turnhout: Brepols), 288-293.
VITRUVIUS
M. Vitruvius Pollio, De arhitectura (Vitruviu), Despre arhitectură, translated by Cantacuzino, G. M./Costa, T./Ionescu, Gr. (Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române, 1964).
WALTON 2004
Walton, M. S., A Materials Chemistry Investigation of Archaeological Lead-Glazes, PhD Thesis (Michaelmas: University of Oxford).
WALTON/TITE 2010
Walton, M. S./Tite, M. S., Production technology of Roman Lead-Glazed pottery and its continuance into Late Antiquity, Archaeometry 52/5, 733-759.
WILLI 2021
Willi, A., Writing Equipment. Manual of Roman everyday writing 2 (Nottingham: LatinNow ePubs).
WILLIS 2005
Willis, S., The Context of Writing and Written Records in Ink: The Archaeology of Samian Inkwells in Roman Britain, Archaeological Journal 162/1, 96-145, DOI: 10.1080/00665983.2005.11020622.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal, we use CC BY-NC-ND license (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs) wich only allowing others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
