THE MIRROR WITH THICKENED RIM AND NAIL-SHAPED HANDLE FROM THE GETO-DACIAN SETTLEMENT OF POIANA (GALAȚI COUNTY, ROMANIA). NOTES ON ITS ORIGIN AND DATING

Authors

  • Vitalie Bârcă Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj-Napoca

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14795/j.v8i3.665

Abstract

We discuss here the mirror discovered in 1987 following the archaeological investigations carried out in the Geto-Dacian settlement of Poiana (Galați county/RO). It belongs to the type of disc mirrors with thickened rim, central disc projection and nail-shaped handle. The item, singular in the east-Carpathian area, is the most western find of such mirror type. Subsequent to the analysis of all aspects related to such mirrors, it may be concluded that currently, the view according to which these are of Central-Asian origin is the most convincing theory.

First mirrors of the type emerged in the eastern Sarmatian environment during the final stage of the Early Sarmatian period (the 2nd – 1st century BC), while their maximum use period in the Sarmatian world lies in the 1st century AD, being discontinued in the Volga-Don region by late this time span. In the north-Pontic area west of the Don, such artefacts remained in use until early 2nd century AD, while the graves to which they belong, with one exception, date to the second half of the 1st century – early 2nd century AD.

In the north-Pontic Sarmatian environment west of the Don, these mirrors diffused, beside other eastern origin artefact classes, mainly owing to the entry and settlement of new migratory groups arriving from the east, with close contacts and relations with the Central Asian region.

Based on the fact that the majority of these mirrors were discovered mainly in graves from the region east of the Don, the dating of the features containing such mirrors as well as the Sarmatians’ entry and settlement of the north-Pontic area west of the Don, the author here concludes that the item of Poiana, together with other eastern origin artefact classes, reached the east-Carpathian area most likely sometime in the second half of the 1st century AD, however no later than early 2nd century AD, as supported also by the context in which the specimen of Poiana was discovered.

Last but not least, the author here concludes that the mirror from the Geto-Dacian settlement of Poiana, beside other object categories of Sarmatian origin or mainly used by the Sarmatians discovered in the pre-Roman Geto-Dacian environment, furthermore evidence the Sarmatian presence in the east-Carpathian area during the 1st century AD, as well as the Geto-Dacian and Sarmatian relations.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Vitalie Bârcă, Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj-Napoca
    Senior Researcher Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj-Napoca

References

ABRAMOVA 1959

Abramova, M. P., Sarmatskaya kul’tura I v. do n. e. – II v. n. e. (po materialam Nizhnego Povolzh’ya. Suslovskij etap), Sovetskaya Arkheologiya 1, 52-71.

ABRAMOVA 1983

Abramova, M. P., O khronologii rannej grupy pogrebenij Nizhne-Dzhulatskogo mogil’nika, Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii 176, 34-39.

ABRAMOVA 1993

Abramova, M. P., Tsentral’noe Predkavkaz’e v sarmatskoe vremya (III v. do n. e. - IV v. n. e.) (Moskva: Institut arkheologii Rossijskoj akadmii nauk).

ARKHEOLOGIYA SSSR 1989

Arkheologiya SSSR. Stepi evropejskoj chasti SSSR v skifo-sarmatskoe vremya (Moskva: Nauka).

BABEŞ 1999

Babeş, M., Ein tamga-zeichen aus der Dakischen siedlung von Ocniţa (Buridava). In: Boroffka, N./Soroceanu, T. (eds.), Transilvanica, Archäologische Untersuchungen zur Ältern Geschichte der südöstlichen Mitteleuropa. Gedenkschrift für Kurt Horedt. Internationale Archäologie. Studia honoraria – Band 7 (Rahden: Leidorf), 223–239.

BABEŞ 2005

Babeş, M., Tamga iz dakijskogo poseleniya v Oknitse (Buridava), Stratum plus 4 (2003-2004), 467-479.

BĂRBULESCU 2014

Bărbulescu, C. A., Relaţii daco-romane la Dunărea de Jos în lumina cercetărilor arheologice (sec. I a. Chr. – I p. Chr.) (Cluj-Napoca: Mega).

BÂRCĂ 2002

Bârcă, V., Das Eindringen der Sarmaten an der unteren und mittleren Donau und ihre Beziehungen zu den Geto-Daker (1. Jh. v. Chr. – 1. Jh. n. Chr.). In: Rustoiu, A./Ursuţiu, A. (eds.), Interregionale und kulturelle Beziehungen im Karpatenrraum (2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. - 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr.) (Cluj-Napoca: Nereamia Napocae), 103-150.

BÂRCĂ 2002a

Bârcă, V., Pătrunderea sarmaţilor la Dunărea de Jos şi de Mijloc şi relaţiile cu geto-dacii (sec. I a. Chr. – sec. I p. Chr.), Ephemeris Napocensis 12, 45-97.

BÂRCĂ 2003

Bârcă, V., Autohtoni şi alogeni (sarmaţii) în estul Daciei în sec. I a. Chr. – începutul sec. II p. Chr. / Natives and foreigners (Sarmatians) in the east of Dacia during the 1st Century BC – early 2nd AD), (Cluj-Napoca) (PhD thesis).

BÂRCĂ 2006

Bârcă, V., Istorie şi civilizaţie. Sarmaţii în spaţiul est-carpatic (sec. I a. Chr. – începutul sec. II p. Chr.) (Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut).

BÂRCĂ 2006a

Bârcă, V., Nomazi ai stepelor. Sarmaţii timpurii în spaţiul nord-pontic (sec. II-I a. Chr.) (Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut).

BÂRCĂ 2006b

Bârcă, V., Sarmaţii – aliaţii dacilor în războaiele contra Romei. In: Teodor, E. S./Ţentea, O. (eds.), Dacia Augusti Provincia. Crearea Provinciei (Bucureşti: Cetatea de Scaun), 3-28.

BÂRCĂ 2009

Bârcă, V., Câteva consideraţii privind vasele metalice de import din mediul sarmatic nord-pontic. In: Ţentea, O./Opriş, I. C. (eds.), Near and Beyond the Roman Frontier. Proceedings of a colloquim held in Târgovişte, 16-17 october 2008 (= Supplementum Cercetări Arheologice 16) (Bucureşti: Conphys), 85-124.

BÂRCĂ 2011

Bârcă, V., The fibulae in the North-Pontic Sarmatian Environment (1st C – first half of the 2nd C CE), Ephemeris Napocensis 21, 7-35.

BÂRCĂ 2012

Bârcă, V., Some Remarks on Metal Cups with Zoomorphic Handles in the Sarmatian Environment, Ephemeris Napocensis 22, 185-209.

BÂRCĂ 2013

Bârcă, V., Nomads of the steppes by the Danube frontier of the Roman Empire in the 1st Century CE. Historical sketch and chronological remarks, Dacia N. S. 57, 99-125.

BÂRCĂ 2013a

Bârcă, V., The items in the Sarmatian grave at Lehliu (Călăraşi county) and its dating issue, Ephemeris Napocensis 23, 243-260.

BÂRCĂ 2015

Bârcă, V., The reinterpretation of the Sarmatian finds from the Romanian Plain (I), Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 2/1, 35-71. DOI: 10.14795/j.v2i1.105.

BÂRCĂ 2018

Bârcă, V., A few notes on the tamgas from the golden plaque in the Sarmatian grave at Dunaharaszti (Hungary), Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 5/4, 41-65. DOI: 10.14795/j.v5i4.354.

BÂRCĂ 2019

Bârcă, V., Notes on the origin and dating of the bone pyxides from the Sarmatian environment between the Don and the Prut, Plural. History-Culture-Society 7/2, 130-155. DOI: doi.org/10.37710/plural.v7i2_8.

BÂRCĂ 2020

Bârcă, V. The bronze cauldron of Piatra Șoimului (Calu) (Neamț County, Romania). Notes on the distribution, dating and use of such type cauldrons in the Sarmatian environment, Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 7/1, 79-105. DOI:10.14795/j.v7i1.521.

BÂRCĂ 2020a

Bârcă, V. The bronze cauldron of Avrămeni (Botoșani county). Aspects of collective and individual mobility during the late Iron Age in the territories between the Carpathians and the Volga, Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 7/3, 92-123. DOI: 10.14795/j.v7i3.560.

BÂRCĂ/SÎRBU 2000

Bârcă, V./Sîrbu, V., Daces et Romains au Nord de l’embouchure du Danube (Ier-IIIe siècles après J-C). Nouvelles données archéologiques, Acta Musei Napocensis 37/1, 69-97.

BÂRCĂ/SYMONENKO 2009

Bârcă, V./Symonenko, O., Călăreţii stepelor. Sarmaţii în spaţiul nord-pontic [Centrul de Studii Militare Romane 3] (Cluj-Napoca: Mega).

BELDIMAN 1990

Beldiman, C., Semne de tip tamga din Dacia preromană, Thraco-Dacica XI, 139-151.

BERCIU 1981

Berciu, D., Buridava dacică (Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România).

BERZOVAN/PĂDUREANU 2010

Berzovvan, A./Pădureanu, E., A clay pot with tamga signs discovered at Şiria (Arad county), Annales d'Université Valahia Targoviste, Section d'Archéologie et d'Histoire, XII/2, 57-66.

BEZUGLOV/GLEBOV/PARUSIMOV 2009

Bezuglov, S. I./Glebov, V. P./Parusimov, I. N., Pozdnesarmatskie pogrebeniya v ust’e Dona (Kurgannyj mogil’nik Valovyj I) (Rostov-na-Donu: Media-Polis).

BOBI 1999

Bobi, V. M., Civilizaţia geto-dacilor de la Curbura Carpaţilor (sec. VI î. Chr. – II d. Chr.) [Bibliotheca Thracologica XXIX] (Bucureşti: Institutul Român de Tracologie).

BUDIHALĂ 2012

Budihală, D., Influențe romane pe Valea Mureșului Inferior (sec. II-IV p. Chr.). Teză de doctorat (Cluj-Napoca).

CĂPITANU 1989

Căpitanu, V., Obiecte de podoabă şi piese vestimentare descoperite în dava de la Răcătău, jud. Bacău, Carpica 20, 97-124.

CRISTESCU 2013

Cristescu, C,. Contribuții la cronologia davae-lor dacice de pe Valea Siretului (II), Sargetia 4 (40) serie nouă, 101-153.

CRIȘAN 1978

Crişan, I. H., Ziridava. Săpăturile de la Şanţul Mare din anii 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964 (Arad: Comitetul de Cultură şi Educaţie Socialistă al Judeţului Arad).

CRIŞAN 2000

Crişan, V., Dacii din estul Transilvaniei (Sfântu Gheorghe: Carpatii Răsăriteni).

CRIŞAN/FERENCZI 1994

Crişan, V./Ferenczi, Șt., Aşezarea dacică de la Mereşti (judeţul Harghita).Cercetările arheologice din anii 1986-1993, Acta Musei Napocensis 31/I, 377-432.

DASHEVSKAYA 1991

Dashevskaya, O. D., Pozdnie skify v Krymu [Arkheologiya SSSR, Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov D1-7] (Moskva: Nauka).

DEMIDENKO 2008

Demidenko, S. V. Bronzovye kotly drevnikh plemen Nizhnego Povolzh’ya i Yuzhnogo Priural’ya (V v. do n.e. - III v. n. e.) (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo LKI).

DUPOI/SÎRBU 2001

Dupoi, V./Sîrbu, V., Incinta dacică fortificată de la Pietroasele-Gruiu Dării (I),. [Monografii Arheologice I] (Buzău: Biblioteca Mousaios).

GLEBOV 2019

Glebov, V. P., Zerkala rannesarmatskoj kul’tury Nizhnego Podon’ya, Nizhnevolzhskij arkheologicheskij vestnik 18/2, 86-104.

GLEBOV/GORDIN 2006

Glebov, V. P./Gordin, I. A., Rannesarmatskie pogrebeniya mogilnika Pirozhok. In: Istoriko-arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v Azove i na Nizhnem Donu v 2004 g. Vol. 21 (Azov: Aovskij muzej-zapovednik), 187-212.

GLODARIU 1974

Glodariu, I., Relaţii comerciale ale Daciei cu lumea elenistică şi romană (Cluj: Dacia).

GLUKHOV 2003

Glukhov, A. A., Tipologiya i khronologiya zerkal srednesarmatskogo vremeni (po materialam mezhdurech’ya Volgi i Dona), Nizhnevolzhskij arkheologicheskij vestnik 6, 89-102.

GLUKHOV 2005

Glukhov, A. A., Sarmaty mezhdurech’ya Volgi i Dona v I - pervoj polovine II v. n. e. (Volgograd: Volgogradskoe nauchnoe izdate’stvo).

GORBUNOVA 1998

Gorbunova N. G., Ob odnom tipe bronzovykh zerkal (”baktrijskie”? ”sarmatskie”?), Arkheologicheskie vesti 5 (1996-1997), 283-296.

GROSU 1988

Grosu, V. I., Sarmatskie pamyatniki Srednego Poprut’ya, Arheologicheskie issledovaniya v Moldavii v 1983 g. (Kishinev: Știința), 79-91.

GROSU 1990

Grosu, V. I., Khronologiya pamyatnikov sarmatskoj kul’tury Dn¬estrovsko-Prutskogo mezhdurech’ya (Kishinev: Știința).

GROSU 1995

Grosu, V., Sarmaţii în spaţiul geto-dacic răsăritean, Arhologia Moldovei 18, 133-186.

GUGUEV/TREJSTER 1995

Guguev, V. K./Trejster, M. Yu., Khan’skie zerkala i podrazheniya im na teritorii yuga Vostochnoj Evropy, Rossijskaya Arkheologiya 3, 143-156.

FLOREA 1993

Florea, G., Două piese de import în zona aşezărilor dacice din Munţii Orăştiei, Apulum 27-30 (1990-1993), 173-180.

KHAZANOV 1963

Khazanov, A. M., Genezis sarmatskih bronzovyh zerkal, Sovetskaya Arkheologiya 4, 58-71.

KOROL’KOVA 2003

Korol’kova, E. F., Ritual’nye chashi s zoomorfnym dekorom v kul’ture rannikh kochevnikov, Arkheologicheskij sbornik Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha 36, 28-59.

KOVPANENKO 1986

Kovpanenko, G. T., Sarmatskoe pogrebenie I v. n. e. na Yuzhnom Buge (Kiev: Naukova dumka).

KRIVOSHEEV 2020

Krivosheev, M. V., Zoomorfnye izobrazheniya na derevyannykh sosudakh pozdnesarmatskogo vremeni, Ufimskij arkheologicheskij vestnik 20, 71-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31833/uav/2020.20.005

KURCHATOV/BUBULICI 2003

Kurchatov, S./Bubulici, V., Sarmatskoe pogrebenie iz kurgana u s. Oloneshty – 40 let spustya. In: E. Sava (ed.) Interferenţe cultural-cronologice în spaţiul nord-pontic (Chişinău: Institutul de Arheologie şi Etnografie), 285-312.

LITVINSKIJ 1968

Litvinskij, B. A., Kangyujsko-sarmatskij farn (k istoriko-kul’turnym svyazyam plemen Juzhnoj Rossii i Srednej Azii) (Duşanbe: Donish).

LITVINSKIJ 1971

Litvinskij, B. A., Khronologiya i klassifikatsiya sredneaziatskikh zerkal. In: Litvinskij, B. A. (ed.), Material’naya kul’tura Tadzhikistana 2 (Dushanbe: Donish), 34-67.

LITVINSKIJ 1978

Litvinskij, B. A., Orudiya truda i utvar’ iz mogil’nikov Zapadnoj Fergany [Mogil’niki Zapadnoj Fergany IV] (Moskva: Nauka).

LITVINSKIJ/SEDOV 1984

Litvinskij, B. A./Sedov, A. V., Kul’ty i ritualy kushanskoj Baktrii (Moskva: Nauka).

LUPU 1989

Lupu, N., Tilişca. Aşezările arheologice de pe Căţănaş (Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică).

MAKSIMENKO 1998

Maksimenko, V. E., Sarmaty na Donu (arkheologiya i problemy etnicheskoj istorii), Donskie drevnosti 6 (Azov: Azovskij kraevedcheskij muzej).

MANDEL’SHTAM 1975

Mandel’shtam, A. M., Pamyatniki kochevnikov Kushanskogo vremeni v Severnoj Baktrii [Trudy Tadzhikskoj arkheologicheskoj ėkspeditsii Instituta arkheologii AN SSSR i Instituta istorii im. A. Donisha AN Tadzhikskoj SSR VII](Leningrad: Nauka).

MAMONTOV 2002

Mamontov, V. I., Sarmatskie pogrebeniya iz kurgannogo mogil’nika Pisarevka II, Nizhnevolzhskij arkheologicheskij vestnik 5, 251-259.

MARCHENKO 1996

Marchenko, I. I., Siraki Kubani (po materialam kurgannyh pogrebenij Nizhnej Kubani) (Krasnodar: Kubanskij gosudarstvennyj universitet).

MARČENKO/LIMBERIS 2008

Marčenko, I. I./Limberis, N. Ju., Römische Importe in sarmatischen und maiotischen Denkmälern des Kubangebietes, 265-400, Pl. 1-222. In: Simonenko, A./Marčenko, I. I./Limberis, Römische Importe in sarmatischen und maiotischen Gräbern zwischen Unterer Donau und Kuban [Archäologie in Eurasien 25] (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern).

MEDVEDEV 1990

Medvedev, A. P., Sarmaty i lesostep’ (Voronezh: Izdatel’stvo Voronezhskogo universiteta).

MEDVEDEV 2004

Medvedev, A. P., Periodizatsiya i khronologiya sarmatskikh pamyatnikov na Srednem i Verkhnem Donu, In: Raev, B. A. (ed.), Sarmatskie kul’tury Evrazii: problemy regional’noj khronologii.

Doklady k 5-j mezhdunarodnoj konferentsii “Problemy sarmatskoj arkheologii i istorii” (Krasnodar), 86-94.

MINAEVA/SKRIPKIN 2005

Minaeva, O. I./Skripkin, A. S., O proiskhozhdenii i vremeni poyavleniya odnogo iz tipov bronzovykh zerkal sarmatov, Nizhnevolzhskij arkheologicheskij vestnik 7, 51-56.

MIROSHINA/DERZHAVIN 1988

Miroshina, T. V./Derzhavin, V. L., Sarmatskie pogrebeniya iz mogil’nika Veselaya Roshcha III, Sovetskaya Arkheologiya 4, 146-156.

MORDVINTSEVA/TREJSTER 2007

Mordvintseva, V./Trejster, M., Proizvedeniya torevtiki i yuvelirnogo iskusstva v Severnom Prichernomor’e 2 v. do n. e. - 2 v . n. e. I-III (Simferopol’-Bonn: Tarpan).

MORDVINTSEVA/ZAITSEV 2003

Mordvintseva, V. I./Zaitsev, Yu. P., The Nogaichik Burial Mound in the Steppes of the Crimea, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 9, 3-4, 193-258.

MOSHKOVA 1963

Moshkova, M. G., Pamyatniki prokhorovskoj kul'tury [Arkheologiya SSSR, Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov D1-10] (Moskva: Nauka).

PUZDROVSKIJ 2004

Puzdrovskij, A. E., K voprosu o khronoogii i etnokul’turnoj prinadlezhnosti pogrebenij s ozherel’yami s podveskami v vide babochek. In: Bosporskij fenomen. Problemy khronologii i datirovki pamyatnikov I, 2 (Sankt-Peterburg: Izdatel’stvo Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha), 298-305.

PUZDROVSKIJ 2007

Puzdrovskij, A. E., Krymskaya Skifiya II v. do n. e. – III v. n. e. Pogrebal’nye pamyatniki (Simferopol’: Biznes-Inform).

RAU 1927

Rau, P., Die Hügelgräber römischer Zeit an der unteren Wolga (Pokrowsk: Dt. Staatsverl. Nemgosisdat).

ROSTOVTSEV 1918

ROSTOVTSEV, M. I., Kurgannye nakhodki Orenburgskoj oblasti epokhi rannego i pozdnego ellinizma [Materialy po arkheologii Rossii 37] (Petrograd: Devyataya gosudarstvennaya tipografiya).

RUSTOIU 1996

Rustoiu, A., Metalurgia bronzului la daci (sec. II î. Chr-sec. I d. Chr.). Tehnici, ateliere şi produse de bronz ) [Bibliotheca Thracologica XV] (Bucureşti: Institutul Român de Tracologie).

SCHUSTER/ȘERBĂNESCU 2014-2015

Schuster, C./Șerbănescu, D., “Mirror, Mirror... in My Handˮ. About a Toilet Article of the Geto-Dacians, Thraco-Dacica S. N. 6-7 (XXIX-XXX), 79-94.

SIMONENKO 1993

Simonenko, A. V., Sarmaty Tavrij (Kiev: Naukova dumka).

SIMONENKO 1994

Simonenko, A. V., The Problem of the Sarmanatian Penetration in the North Pontic Area According to Archaeological Data, Il Mar Nero I, (Bucureşti), 99-134.

SIMONENKO 2000

Simonenko, A. V., Mogilnik Dneprozavodstroj i sarmatskie pamyatniki “vostochnoj volny”v Severnom Prichernomor’e, Nizhnevolzhskij arkheologicheskij vestnik 3, 133-144.

SIMONENKO 2001

Simonenko, A., Chinese and East Asian Elements in Sarmatian Culture of the North Pontic Region, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 7, 53-72.

SIMONENKO 2003

Simonenko, A. V., Kitajskie i tsentral’noaziatskie elementy v sarmatskoj kul’ture Severnogo Prichernomor’ya, Nizhnevolzhskij arkheologicheskij vestnik 6, 45-65.

SIMONENKO 2004

Simonenko, A. V., Khronologiya i periodizatsiya sarmatskih pamyatnikov Severnogo Prichernomor’ya. In: Raev, B. A. (ed.), Sarmatskie kul’tury Evrazii: problemy regional’noj khronologii. Doklady k 5-j mezhdunarodnoj konferentsii “Problemy sarmatskoj arkheologii i istorii” (Krasnodar), 134-173.

SIMONENKO 2006

Simonenko, A. V., Steklo millefiori v sarmatskih pogrebeniyakh: In: Simonenko, A. V. (ed.), Liber Archaeologicae. Sbornik statej, posvyashchennyj 60-letiyu B. A. Raeva (Krasnodar), 137–152.

SIMONENKO 2007

Simonenko, A. V., Steklyannye i fayansovye izdeliya iz Nogajchinskogo kurgana (k diskussii o date pamyatnika), Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii 1(29), 57-66.

SIMONENKO 2008

Simonenko, A. V., Römische Importe in sarmatischen Denkmälern des nördlichen Schwarzmeergebietes, 1-94, Pl. 1-168. In: Simonenko, A./Marčenko, I. I./Limberis, N. Ju. Römische Importe in

sarmatischen und maiotischen Gräbern zwischen Unterer Donau und Kuban [Archäologie in Eurasien 25] (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern).

SIMONENKO 2011

Simonenko, A. V., Rimskij import u sarmatov Severnogo Prichernomor’ya (Sankt-Peterburg: Nestor-Istoriya).

SIMONENKO 2012

Simonenko, A. V., Sarmatskoe pogrebenie v kurgane Kamova Mogila. In: Simonenko, A. V. (ed.). Zoloto, kon’ i chelovek. Sbornik statej k 60-letiyu Aleksandra Vladimirovicha (Kiev: KNT), 295-307.

SIMONENKO/MEL’NIK 2004

Simonenko, A. V./Mel’nik, A. A., Eine sarmatische Bestattung im Kurgan Kamova Mogila, Krivoj Rog, Eurasia Antiqua 10, 269-280.

SÎRBU 1996

Sîrbu, V., Dava getică de la Grădiştea, judeţul Brăila I [Monografii Arheologice I] (Brăila: Muzeul Brăilei).

SÎRBU/BÂRCĂ 1999

Sîrbu, V./Bârcă, V., Daci şi sarmaţi în zona est-carpatică (sec. I a. Ch.- I p. Ch.), Istros 9, 89-98.

SÎRBU/BÂRCĂ 2000

Sîrbu, V./Bârcă, V., Vzaimootnosheniya mezhdu dakami i sarmatami v Vostochno-Karpatskom regione i na Nizhnem Dunae (I v. do n. e. – I v. n. e.), Starozhitnosti stepovogo Prichornomor’ya i Krymu 8, 243-263.

СЫРБУ/БЫРКЭ 2000

Сырбу, В./Быркэ, В., Взаимоотношения между даками и сарматами в Восточно - Карпатском регионе и на Нижнем Дунае (I в. до н. э. - I в. н. э.), Старожитностi Степового Причорномор'я i Криму 8, 243-263.

SÎRBU/BÂRCĂ 2000a

Sîrbu, V./Bârcă, V., Daci şi romani în sudul Bugeacului (sec. I-III d. Chr.). In: Daker und Römer am Anfang des 2 Jh. N. Chr. im Norden der Donau / Daci şi romani la începutul secolului al II-lea d. Hr. la nordul Dunării [= Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis II] (Timişoara), 29-78.

SÎRBU/BÂRCĂ 2016

Sîrbu, V./Bârcă, V., Figurative Representations on the Phalerae Found between the Ural, the Caucausus and the Balkan Mountains (2nd - 1st Century BC). In: Nikolova, L./Merlini, M./Comşa, Al. (eds.), Western-Pontic Culture Ambience and Pattern. In memory of Eugen Comsa (Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter), pp. 272-321. DOI:10.1515/9783110500820-012

SÎRBU/RUSTOIU 2005

Sîrbu, V./Rustoiu, A., Piese de port şi toaletă. In: Sîrbu, V./Matei, S./Dupoi, V., Incinta dacică fortificată Pietroasa Mică-Gruiu Dării (II) [Monografii Arheologice II] (Buzău: Biblioteca Mousaios), 26-46.

SKRIPKIN 1990

Skripkin, A. S., Aziatskaya Sarmatiya. Problemy khronologii i eĕ istoricheskij aspekt (Saratov: Izdatel’stvo Saratovskogo universiteta).

SKRIPKIN/KLEPIKOV 2004

Skripkin, A. S./Klepikov, V. M., Khronologiya rannesarmatskoj kul’tury Nizhnego Povolzh’ya. In: Raev, B. A. (ed.), Sarmatskie kul’tury Evrazii: problemy regional’noj khronologii. Doklady k 5-j mezhdunarodnoj konferentsii “Problemy sarmatskoj arkheologii i istorii” (Krasnodar), 95-106.

SMIRNOV 1968

Smirnov, K. F., Bronzovoe zerkalo iz Mechetsaya. In: Vinogradov, A. B. (ed.), Istoriya, arkheologiya i etnografiya Srednej Azii. K 60-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya chl.-kor. AN SSSR d-ra ist. nauk prof. S. P. Tolstova (Moskva: Nauka), 116-121.

SYMONENKO 1994

Symonenko, O. V., Rann’osarmatskyj period u pivnichnomu Prychornomor’i, Arkheologiya (Kyiv) 1, 32-48.

ŠČEPINSKIJ 1994

Ščepinskij, A. A., Über die Aristokratie der Sarmaten im nördlichen Schwarzmeergebiet, Zeitschrift für Archäologie, 28, 87-106.

TAIROV 2004

Tairov A. D., Periodizatsiya pamyatniov rannikh kochevnikov Yuzhnogo Zaural’ya 7-2 vv. do n. e. In: Raev, B. A. (ed.), Sarmatskie kul’tury Evrazii: problemy regional’noj khronologii. Doklady k 5-j mezhdunarodnoj konferentsii “Problemy sarmatskoj arkheologii i istorii” (Krasnodar), 3-21.

TEODOR/NICU/ŢAU 1997

Teodor, S./Nicu, M./Ţau, S., Aşezarea geto-dacică de la Poiana (jud. Galaţi). Obiecte de port şi podoabă (II). Oglinzi, ace, obiecte de os, Arheologia Moldovei 20, 27-88.

TREJSTER 2000

Trejster, M. Yu., O yuvelirnykh izdeliyakh iz Nogajchinskogo kurgana, Vestnik drevnej istorii 1, 182- 202.

TRUFANOV 2009

Trufanov, Al. A., Khronologiya mogil’nikov Predgornogo Kryma I v. do n. e. – III v. n. e., Stratum plus 4 (2005-2009), 117-328.

URSACHI 1995

Ursachi, V., Zargidava. Cetatea dacică de la Brad [Bibliotheca Thracologica X] (Bucureşti: Institutul Român de Tracologie).

VAGNER 2012

Vagner, E. V., Istoriya izucheniya sarmatskikh bronzovykh zerkal, Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Seriya 4, Istoriya 1 (21), 168-176.

VINOGRADOV 1963

Vinogradov, V. B., Sarmaty Severo-Vostochnogo Kavkaza (Groznyj).

VINOGRADOV/PETRENKO 1976

Vinogradov, V. B./Petrenko, V. A., K proiskhozhdeniyu sarmatskikh zerkal-podvesok Severnogo Kavkaza, Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii 148, 44-49.

VINOGRADOV/TAIROV 1996

Vinogradov N. B./Tairov A. D., Sarmatskie pogrebeniya mogil’nika Solntse III. In: Grigor’ev, S. A. (ed.), Novoe v arkheologii Yuzhnogo Urala: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov (Chelyabinsk: Rifej), 164-177.

VORONYATOV 2014

Voronyatov, S. V., Formy vzaimootnosheniy kochevnikov s vneshnim mirom v otrazhenii arealov sarmatskikh znakov-tamg. In: Yablonskij, L. T./Saveliev, N. S. (eds.), Sarmaty i vneshniy mir. Materialy VIII Vserossijskoj nauchnoj konferentsii „Problemy sarmatskoy arkheologii i istorii”, Ufa, 12-15 maya 2014 g. (= Ufimskij Arkheologicheskij Vestnik 14) (Ufa: Vintazh), 66-76.

VULPE/TEODOR 2003

Vulpe, R./Teodor, S., Piroboridava. Aşezarea geto-dacică de la Poiana [Bibliotheca Thracologica XXXIX] (Bucureşti: Institutul Român de Tracologie).

YATSENKO 1993

Yatsenko, S. A., Alanskaya problema i tsentral'noaziatskie elementy v kul'ture kochevnikov Sarmatii rubezha I-II vv. n. e., Peterburgskij arkheologicheskij vestnik 3, 60-72.

ZADNEPROVSKIJ 1971

Zadneprovskij Yu. A., Nakhodki zerkal sarmatskogo tipa v Severnom Irane. In: Isskustvo i arkheologiya Irana (Moskva: Nauka), 133-141.

ZADNEPROVSKIJ 1993

Zadneprovskij Yu. A., Nakhodki kochevnicheskikh zerkal na territorii Indostana i v Yuzhnom V’etname, Peterburgskiy arkheologicheskij vestnik 7, 88-92.

ZAJTSEV/MORDVINTSEVA 2003

Zajtsev, Yu. P./Mordvintseva, V. I., „Nogajchinskij” kurgan v stepnom Krymu, Vestnik drevnei istorii 2, 61-99.

ZAJTSEV/MORDVINTSEVA 2004

Zajtsev, Yu. P./Mordvintseva, V. I., Do istorychnoj interpretatsii pokhovannya v Nogajchyns’komu kurgani, Arkheologiya 4, 17-25.

ZAJTSEV/MORDVINTSEVA 2007

Zajtsev, Yu. P./Mordvintseva, V. I., Datirovka pogrebeniya v Nogajchinskom kurgane. Dialog s opponentom. In: Zajtsev, Yu. P./Mordvintseva, V. I. (eds.), Drevnyaya Tavrika (Simferopl’: Universum), 319-358.

ZASETSKAYA 2011

Zasetskaya, I. P., Sokrovishcha kurgana Khokhlach. Novocherkasskij klad (Sankt-Peterburg: Ermitazh).

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

2021-10-23

Issue

Section

Archaeological material

How to Cite

THE MIRROR WITH THICKENED RIM AND NAIL-SHAPED HANDLE FROM THE GETO-DACIAN SETTLEMENT OF POIANA (GALAȚI COUNTY, ROMANIA). NOTES ON ITS ORIGIN AND DATING. (2021). JOURNAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.14795/j.v8i3.665

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>